Optimal concession contracts for landlord port authorities with different pursuing goals

This paper investigates how landlord port authorities should offer concession contracts to their terminal operators under two different goals, by building a two-stage game for each goal. If maximizing the weighted sum of fee revenues and throughout benefits is port authorities’ goal, then the optimal concession contract can be any of the two-part tariff, the unit-fee, and the fixed-fee contracts. Accordingly, our special cases include previous works assuming that port authorities maximize either fee revenues or throughput benefits. By contrast, if maximizing the social welfare is the goal, then we find that subsidizing terminal operators, instead of charging them, is port authorities’ best choice. This result is not yet discovered in the literature.     

深海拖曳系统自稳定二级拖体姿态控制研究

二级深拖系统具有可控性强、母船扰动弱等优点,是重要的海洋探测平台。在实际工作中,二级拖体姿态稳定是保证探测数据准确的基本前提。本文以具有自主调节功能的二级拖体为例,对其姿态控制进行研究。首先建立了二级拖缆的“弹簧——阻尼”模型,并在此基础上建立了二级深拖系统的数学模型。其次根据该系统具有非线性、时变性等特点,设计了具有参数自修正功能的模糊自适应PID控制器,以实现在不同工况下对二级拖体的姿态进行控制。仿真结果表明,未加载控制器时,海况变化对拖体姿态有显著影响,其俯仰角和横滚角均会发生大范围波动。加载模糊自适应PID控制器后,拖体通过自主调节,能够使姿态波动控制在较小范围,从而满足工作要求,验证了拖缆数学模型的正确性和所采用的控制方法的可行性。     

牵引变压器容量的合理选择

目前我国对电力设备容量大于315kVA的用户均采用两部制电价计费,电价由基本电价和电量电价2部分组成。铁路牵引负荷特点在于负荷波动性大,经常出现负荷陡变,而正常运行时牵引变压器大多处于欠负载状态,只有在短时紧密运行时会出现过负载现象。根据电气化铁道负荷特点和牵引变压器的过负载特性,通过对牵引变压器容量合理性的探讨,考虑在保证安全供电的前提下减小牵引变电所主变压器安装容量是降低铁路运输成本的可行办法之一。     

Impacts of trade liberalization on Chinese economy with Belt and Road initiative

China has been continuously implementing the open-door policy for past 15 years ever since it joined the World Trade Organization, which escalated international trade and demand for shipping. Compared with the other major importing countries in the world, China’s importing tariff is relatively low. Under the Belt and Road initiatives, more Free Trade Agreements to be concluded and more Free Trade Zones to be established, it is expected that the effective import tariff rate may continue to decrease in the future. This study analyses the impact of further reduction in Chinese import tariff rate on major economic indicators using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and based on the Chinese macro-economic data of 2012. The model results show that, with a balanced international payment, such a reduction can increase GDP, resident consumption, both imports and exports, and reduce GDP price, trade surplus, and government revenue. The results ease the concern that further import tariff reduction may harm the domestic production. Rather, it points out that there are still rooms to improve national economy and increase the consumer utility by trade liberation.     

两部定价法在收费公路中的模型研究

收费公路是准公共产品,其收费定价脱离不了公共经济学的定价范畴。从公共经济学的角度,论述两部定价法在收费公路中的优势,明确成本归属,建立了两部定价模型。该模型具有操作性强、公平合理的特点,且能够有效抑制车辆超载、超重现象,体现了合理收费费率的三大原则。     

典型航运公司应收运费核算系统的设计

作为业务复杂度高的集装箱运输,正确收取应收运费对航运公司而言有着重要的意义.基于某典型航运公司的业务特点,在分析现有应收运费核算模式局限性的基础上,通过研究运价协议构成和应收核算模式,实现了电子运价本、运价核算的自动化和差错更正流程,并建立了应收运费核算系统.系统成功实施后,显著提高了应收运费的准确性,保障了航运公司的应得利益.     

Influential factors in the design of port infrastructure tariffs

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this article is to examine the factors influential to the practical process of port infrastructure tariff design. The analysis is based on the survey data of 67 seaports representing the Australasian, East Asian, European, North American and South American regions. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was first carried out to identify the factors influential to the selection of the infrastructure tariff design model. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the relationship between the variables. The findings showed that demand, knowledge about pricing theories, the dynamics of port and shipping sectors (including competition and ship size), pricing objectives and port cost consideration are influential factors in infrastructure tariff design. Most ports use a mix of pricing approaches including price discrimination, cost-based pricing and market-based pricing. Ports are aware of the basic pricing approaches but have limited knowledge of their application. Based on the results of analysis, policy implications for port management in designing port infrastructure tariffs, limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.     

公路旅客运输高峰定价研究

在客运高峰期。运输对象对运能的需求急剧上升，运输部门要投入比平时更多的运输能力，导致其它运输时间段运能的闲置。造成旅客运输企业资源的浪费．增加了运输企业的营运成本。以边际成本定价理论为依据，对公路旅客运输高峰期运价进行研究，并将研究成果应用到四川省公路旅客运输高峰期运价制定实际中。     

二级深拖系统的回转运动特性

相对于一级深拖系统,二级深拖系统具有良好升沉补偿功能,并且较易对拖体进行定深或定高控制。在实际工作中,母船经常需要根据探测情进行回转机动。为了研究母船回转过程中拖体运动规律和拖缆构形的变化情况,采用凝集质量法建立了二级深拖系统的数学模型,计算分析了母船不同回转参数下拖体运动状态的变化规律,得到了拖缆的瞬态和稳态构形图。仿真结果表明,在360°稳态回转和360°单圈回转条件下,母船回转半径、拖曳速度均对一级拖体和二级拖体的深度变化以及稳态特性有显著影响。母船小半径大速度回转时,两级拖体的回转半径和深度变化较大,应予以特别关注。